Geskiedkundige agtergrond

In die geskiedenis strek die Wortley naam in Yorkshire, Engeland (waar hulle ‘n familiesetel beklee het), terug tot in antieke tye, van voor tot na die vlaag van verhuising wat gevolg het op die Normandiese Oorwinning van Engeland in 1066.  Die dorp en familie se geskiedenis loop hand aan hand met die van Yorkshire.

The County of York, commonly Yorkshire, is by far the largest County in England;  and is reckon’d, as to Fruitfulness, a mixt kind of soil.  If in one place it be of a stony, sandy, barren nature, in another it is pregnant and fruitful; and so if it be naked and expos’d in one part, we find it cloath’d and shelter’d with great store of wood in another; Nature using an allay and mixture, that the entire County, by this variety in the parts, might appear more pleasing and beautiful. Towards the west, it is bounded by those hills already mention’d, and by Lancashire, and Westmorland. Towards the north, it borders upon the County of Durham, which is separated from it throughout by the river Tees. On the east, it bounds upon the German Ocean. The south-side is enclos’d, first with Cheshire and Derbyshire, then with Nottinghamshire, and lastly with Lincolnshire, where that noble æstuary the HumberHumber. breaks-in; the common rendezvouz for the greatest part of the rivers hereabouts.  (Camden, William:  Britannia. 845)

(Overtown miscellany http://overtown.org.uk/wakefield/about-wakefield.html)

Na afloop van die Ystydperk

Na afloop van die ysige toestande van die laaste ystydperk 700 BC - AD 43, van ten minste 12000 jaar gelede, het die gebied van Suid-Yorkshire, Engeland, geleidelik bedek geraak met bome, gras en struike.   Hierdie proses was waarskynlik voltooi teen ongeveer 7000 vC, en het die platteland vervorm in ‘n oeroue woud. Oak (Eike), berk, holly (hulsbome) en taxus was tipiese bome en bosse wat gevind is in hierdie gebied.  Wolwe was inheems en algemeen.  (Newton, Richard:  Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Klipgereedskap, grotte en kampeerplekke, dui daarop dat mense van die Paleolitiese tydperk, 650000 – 9500 BC (die Ou-Steentydperk wat plaasgevind het in die interglaciale periodes tussen die ystydperke), die Mesolitiese tydperk, 8500 – 4000 BC (die Middel-Steentydperk wat plaasgevind het onmiddellik ná die laaste ystydperk) en die Neolitiese tydperk, 4000 – 2400 BC (die Nuwe Steentydperk wat tot vaste nedersettings en ​​plase gelei het) in Suid-Yorkshire verteenwoordig was.  Die Bronstydperk, 2400 – 700 BC, het Suid-Yorkshire waarskynlik bereik teen 1650 vC en is opgevolg deur die Ystertydperk van ongeveer 700 vC. (Newton, Richard:  Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Die vroegste mense in hierdie gebiede was die Brigantes, 'n Keltiese stam wat Suid met die Donrivier gegrens het aan die Coritani.  These were not only warrior people but also skilled craftsmen and traders.  Gone were the hunter gatherers’ of the Stone and Bronza Ages.  These people now farmed the land and kept livestock for subsistence and made pottery and metalword. (Heath, Chris:  Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001.  P. 13)   The Celtic tribe of the Coritani were, like their Brigantes neighbours to the north, a collection of smaller tribes, mostly agricultural. (Celtic Kingdoms of the British Isles http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainCoritani.htm )  Die riviere van Suid-Yorkshire het blykbaar hul name te danke aan hierdie Kelte.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Romano-British AD 43 – 410.

Eers teen ongeveer 54 nC het voetsoldate en perderuiters uit die vierde groep van Galliërs (Fourth Cohort of Gauls), 'n hulp-eenheid van die Romeinse weermag, by die grensstreek van die huidige Suid-Yorkshire aangekom.  Hierdie soldate het die eerste fort by Temple-borough gebou om die Keltiese fort oorkant die Donrivier op Wincobank Hill dop te hou.  Dit was die begin van die Romeinse era in die Suid-Yorkshire streek.  In die Romeinse tyd het die Suid-Yorkshire gebied as Maxima Caesariensis bekend gestaan.  Daar is nie sekerheid oor die hoeveelheid grond wat deur die Kelte en Romeine ontbos is nie, maar dit wil voorkom of dit nie baie was nie.  Daar is wel oorblyfsels van ‘n Romeinse nedersetting  by Wortley ontdek.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period)  Britain at the time of the Roman conquest was populated by a number of tribal groups, each controlling a significant area of land, minting their own coins and regularly warring against each other.  (Heath, Chris:  Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001.  P. 17)


When Roman rule entered into England, they added a senatorial and patrician aristocracy. Because this form of rule helped enhance the already existing hereditary society, the nobility gained more honorific powers but defined many of the old money families that would encounter problems later once new money families begin arriving. However, since roman rule allowed commoners the chance to gain a seat in government, imperial grants were given out to commoners widening the amount of people in English government. Once the Romans retreated, this form of government fell as did a nobility being formed purely on blood lines. It eventually faded away as the ruling classes failed to produce enough male heirs so families went extinct or were merged by marriage and forming dynastie.  After the Roman rule in England vanished, the Saxons were able to conquer

some lands including the area where the Wortley’s would later lay claim.  (http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/17153/Worthley,%20Nicole.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)

Toe die Romeine Brittanje aan die begin van die 5de eeu (410 AD) verlaat het, het South Yorkshire in 'n groot mate tot ‘n Keltiese koninkryk, bekend as Elmet  teruggekeer, wat tot in die 7de eeu voortbestaan het.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)  Great internal Kingdoms grew such as Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Kent and Northumbria.  There was much warfare as petty kings struggled for supremacy.  (Heath, Chris:  Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001. P. 19-20)

Elmet was een van die klein onafhanklike koninkryke.  Embracing the present West Riding of Yorkshire, the region, at the height of its powers, is believed to have extended from the headwaters of the Humber, across to the Pennine foothills in the west, with its southern border reaching to the banks of the River Sheaf and the River Don.  (Cox, Tony:  The Barwicker No. 39.  Post-Roman Britain.  The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet.
(http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/
FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm)

They (die Romeine) left behind them a country of cultural and architectural wealth and a road system.  In the late fourth and early fift centuries, the Germanic tribes began to arrive.  These mercenaries were settled in the southeast.  Gradually more tribes arrived, Jules, Angles and Saxons, who began to settle and then conquer.  
(Heath, Chris:  Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001.  P. 18-19)  

Hierna was die gebied deur die Sakse, wat heel moontlik Angles was, oorgeneem.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)   Die Saxons was ‘n statebond van Germaanse stamme op die Noord-Duitse vlaktes.  (Wikipedia)


Die Saksiese (Saxon) Periode.   Saxon AD 410 – 1066.

Vroeë Anglo-Saksiese periode 410-660

Migrasie c.410-c.560

Vanaf die tweede helfte van die 4de eeu het Saksiese stropers aanvalle op die ooskus van Yorkshire geloots, en het hulle die binneland ingedring via bevaarbare riviere soos die Ooze.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles het baie gevegte tussen die Britte en die Sakse beskryf. Uit die Peterborough Manuscript van die jaar 519: Here Cerdic and Cynric (Kings of the West Saxons) fought against the Britons at a place which is called Cerdic’s Ford. En uit die Winchester manuscript  van die jaar 552: Here Cynric (a Saxon King)  fought against the Britons at the place which is named Salisbury, and put the Britons to flight.  Dit is net twee van die talle voorbeelde van die stryd tussen die Sakse  en die Britte.  Waar Anglo-Saksiese nedersettings, in die Ooste en die Midlands, die digste was, was tot negentig persent van die inheemse manlike bevolking na die weste verdryf of vermoor deur die indringers, en hul vroue, dorpe en plase oorgeneem.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Ontwikkeling van 'n Anglo-Saksiese samelewing 560–610 en die conversion  tot  die Christendom.  590-660.

Teen die 7de eeu het Saksiese nedersettings in die Suid-Yorkshire gebied begin.  Die Sakse het met ywer beboste grond vir landboudoeleindes skoongemaak. Teen die tyd van Koning Edward the Confessor, (1043-1066) was die woud vol dorpe en nedersettings.  Dit is vermoedelik 'n persoon of familie wat oorspronklik die grondslag vir die dorpe en nedersettings gelê het.  Op 'n later datum het die hoof van die families, wat nou die Saksiese Lord of the Manor was, 'n gedeelte van die steeds beboste gebied rondom sy herehuis opgeeis.  Die beheer oor die woud rondom die manors het die aantal dorpe in Suid-Yorkshire bepaal.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

In ongeveer 636 is Engeland in gemeentes opgedeel deur Honorius, die vyfde archbishop of Canterbury.  (Jackson, Rowland:  The town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period.  London 1858.)

Die oorsprong van die Wortley as pleknaam.

Wortley as pleknaam kom op drie verskillende plekke in Engeland voor.  Een in die county of Gloucester  in South West England en twee in Yorkshire in Northern England.  (1)  Wortley, a tything, in the parish of Wottonunder-Edge, union of Dursley, Upper division of the hundred of Berkeley, W. division of the county of Gloucester.  (Lewis, Samuel, ed.:  Worplesdon - Wortwell', in A Topographical Dictionary of England, (London, 1848), pp. 687-692)

(2)  Wortley in Leeds, Wes Yorkshire se naam was afgelei van die Ou Engelse WEORC wat beteken “the dweller near a fortification”.  Hierdie Wortley, ook New Wortley genoem is voorstedelike aan Leeds en aangrensend aan Holbeck.  Wortley, in the parish of Leeds, Morley-division of the wapentake of Aghbrigg and Morley, libety of the Honour of Pontefract; 3 miles from Leeds, 8 from Bradford. (Langdale, Thomas:  A Topographical dictionary of Yorkshire:  Containing the names of all the towns, villages, hamlets, gentlemen;s seats &c. in the county of York, 1809, Northallerton)

WORTLEY, Leeds.                          
KC 1189 Wirkeleia                                           KI 1285 Wirkelay                              
CC 1200 Wirkelaia                                            KF 1303 Wirkeley
(Alphabetical list of names P. 307
file:///C:/Users/wortleyh/Downloads/placenamesofsout00goodrich_Part15.pdf)

This place, in the Domesday survey styled Wyrteley. The chapelry comprises an area which, with the exception of a few fields of arable land, and about 4 acres of plantation, is divided in nearly equal portions into meadow and pasture; the soil is fertile, and the commons have been recently inclosed. A stratum of fine clay is found, of which the best fire-bricks are made. The old villages of Upper and LowerWortley, with some scattered hamlets, form a semicircular range of buildings at the base and on the acclivities of an eminence commanding a view of Leeds and the adjacent country. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the manufacture of woollen-cloths, which is carried on to a great extent.  (Lewis, Samuel, ed.:  The Leeds and Bradford canal bounds the chapelry on the north. 'Worplesdon - Wortwell', in A Topographical Dictionary of England, (London, 1848), pp. 687-692)

(3)  Wortley in South Yorkshire (Koordinate: 53°2900N 1°3200W / 53.4833°N 1.5333°W) kry sy naam van die Ou Engelse WYRT and LEAH, wat the dweller by vegetable clearing beteken.  Die dorp is 6 myl suidwes van Barnsley teen ‘n hoogte geleë.

Richard Newton gee die betekenis van hierdie Wortley aan as a clearing for growing vegetables.   Die dorp se naam word in die plaaslike dialek as 'Wurtley weergegee.  'Wurt' is 'n Saksiese mansnaam wat  "waardig" beteken, terwyl 'ley' 'n Saksiese woord is, wat  “'n gebied van die woud wat skoongemaak is vir landbou”, beteken.  Die grond rondom die dorp van Wortley was moontlik bekend as die Ou Engelse  Wurt’s  Ley.  Die area was skoongemaak van bome en struike (of oorgeneem as dit reeds skoongemaak was) vir  landboudoeleindes deur 'n klein groepie Sakse onder die leierskap van 'n man met die naam Wurt.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)  Volgens David Mills (ed.) se A Dictionary of British Place-names  word die betekenis aangegee as woodland clearing used for growing vegetables.  OE:  wyrt + leah. (P. 511)

Die name Wirtleie, Wirlei, en Wrleia was verskillende spellings vir die dorp Wortley in dieselfde Domesday inskrywing.  Dit is moontlik dat drie verskillende mense  verskillende aspekte van die herehuis aangeteken het en dat dit daarna aan een persoon oorhandig is om die inskrywing in die Domes Day book te maak.  Aangesien hy nie geweet het watter die korrekte spelling was nie, het hy al drie aangeteken soos dit vir hom gegee is.   Die Wortley naam het ‘n lang proses van evolusie deurgegaan.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

WORTLEY, Sheffield.
 DB 1086 Wirtleie, Wirlei                                 NV 1316 Wortelai
 YS 1297 Wortelay                                           PT 1379 Wortelay
(Alphabetical list of names P. 307
file:///C:/Users/wortleyh/Downloads/placenamesofsout00goodrich_Part15.pdf)

In 1877 het Alfred Gatty die betekenis van Wortley aangegee as: The field of herbs  afgelei uit  Anglo-Saxon, wat volgens hom ‘n gepaste beskrywing vir die wilde plantegroei van hierdie bergagtige en klipperige distrik was.  (Gatty, Alfred, rev.,  D.D. vicar of Ecclesfield, and sub, dean of York:  Wortley & the Wortleys - a lecture delivered before the Sheffield literary and philosophical society also the Rotherham literary and scientific society, 1877, Sheffield).

Middel Anglo-Saksiese periode 660-899

Suid-Yorkshire was deel van die Saksiese koninkryk van Northumbria, in die gebied genaamd Deria.  'n Lyn wat deur die dorp Dore geloop het, het die suidelike grens van Northumbria gevorm.  Dore was‘n Ou Engelse woord vir deur,  d.w.s.  'n plek op 'n grens wat toegang gee tot Northumbria.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Die Winchester Manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles vertel van die konings van Northumbria uit die jaar 547. Here Ida, from whom originated the royal family of the Northumbrians, succeeded to the kingdom and ruled for 12 years. And he built Bamburgh.  En in die jaar 716. Here Osred, King of Northumbria was killed; he had the kingdom for 7 years after Aldfrith. Then Coenred succeeded to the kingdom, and held it 2 years; then Osric, and he held it 11 years.  Die Peterborough Manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles uit die jaar 827 vertel van 'n magtige koning, koning Egbert, wat die hele Engeland aan die suidekant van die Humber verower het en teen wie die Northumbrians besluit het, om nie te veg nie.  Dit was hierdie Egbert wat 'n leër na Dore (Suidwes van Sheffield) gelei het om teen die Northumbrians te veg.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)  Links:  King Egbert (802 - 839 )


Suid Yorkshire onder die Danelaw.

In die 9de eeu het 'n verdere golf van kolonisasie, in die vorm van die Deense Vikings, in Suid-Yorkshire begin.  The word Viking means sea-raider or sea-pirate and does not differentiate between Norse and Danish cultures.  (Heath, Chris:  Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001.  P.  20)  Hul teenwoordigheid word bewys deur plekname wat eindig op -by ('n plaas, nedersetting of dorpie), -Thorpe ('n subvestiging van 'n hoof nedersetting) of -thwaite (skoonmaak van woude).  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Die strooptogte van die Viking weermag, wat gedurende die 9de eeu met gereelde tussenposes die Britse Eilande aangeval het, was eers uitgerig deur klein private weermagte.  Aan die begin was hulle meer geïnteresseerd in plunder, slawe neem en Danegeld, (groot betalings in silwer as afkoopgeld vir vrede),  as wat hulle in vestiging was.   Maar die idee van verowering het gou posgevat onder die Viking konings en ​​hoofmanne.  Hierna het die Nordiese konings groot, georganiseerde weermagte na Engeland gestuur.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)  At first they came for plunder and glory but these raids became more significant from the 830s and culminated in their conquest of much of the country during the decade, 865-875 AD.  One by the great English kingdoms fell.  Only Wessex remained unconquered, resisting Viking attacks and paying Danegeld to buy peace from time to time.  (Heath, Chris:  Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001.  P.  20)

Binne 'n dekade na die aankoms van die Vikings se groot weermag in die jaar 865 was alles noord en oos van Watling Street deur die Vikings verower.  Watling Street was 'n Romeinse pad wat noordwes vanaf Londen deur St. Albans na Wroxeter aan die Severnrivier, naby Shrewsbury geloop het.  Northumbria het in  867 nC geval. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Die Vikings wat setlaars geword het, het die ondersteuning van die inheemse bevolking nodig gehad om hul eerste winter in die buiteland te oorleef. Die Viking weermagte kon kos afpers van die Saksiese  Lord of the Manor deur beskerming aan hom te bied.  Dit het geforseerde verbroedering met die Deense oorwinnaars tot gevolg gehad.  Die Deense oorwinnaars het toegelaat dat die Saksiese dorpenaars en selfs die Saksiese  Lord of the Manor oorleef en daar was ‘n verandering in lojaliteit teenoor die Deense hoofmanne wat nou geheers het.  Die feit dat ‘n Saksiese nedersettings soos Wortley nie deur die Viking oorwinnaars herdoop is met ‘n Nordiese pleknaam nie, dui aan dat die sosiale status quo op die vlak van die herehuis oorleef het.  Die Dene het ook nuwe terreine vir nedersettings ontwikkel.  In 876 het die Viking leier die landerye van Northumbria onder sy soldate verdeel. So het die Deense kolonisasie van Engeland begin. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Net toe dit lyk asof die hele Anglo-Saksiese Engeland oorweldig was deur die Vikings, het die Sakse onder leierskap van Alfred, 'n reeks nederlae aan die Vikings toegedien.  Volgens die Danelaw ooreenkoms tussen die Saksiese koning, Alfred die Grote (871-899) en die Deense Viking hoof Guthrum in 886 nC, na Alfred se oorwinning by Edington, het rofweg alle gebiede noord van die ou Romeinse pad van Watling Street, deel geword van die Viking Danelaw gebied.  Suid-Yorkshire was onder Deense Viking heerskappy totdat  Edward the Confessor, met Deense ondersteunig, koning geword het in 1042 AD.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)  Broadly speaking Anglo-Saxon in the West and South.  Danish in the North and East, this Danish area later developed the title the Danelaw.  (Heath, Chris:  Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001.  P.  20)   Die opdeel van die land in counties, is voorgestel en uitgevoer op bevel van Alfred.  (Jackson, Rowland:  The town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period, London 1858.)

The country remained split, and systems of law and government developed along cultural lines.  (Heath, Chris:  Denby & District – from pre-history to the present, Warncliffe, 2001.  P.  20)  Die Dene het die ou administratiewe stelsel geimplimenteer. Yorkshire is verdeel in drie Ridings, elk met die volle administratiewe status van 'n distrik.  Riding is 'n Deense woord wat 'n derde beteken.  North Riding (Noord-Yorkshire, Cleveland en Durham), die East-Riding (Humberside en Noord-Yorkshire), die West Riding (Greater Manchester, South Yorkshire en Wes Yorkshire en hawens van vier provinsies: Noord-Yorkshire, Cumbria, Lancashire, en Humberside) en die Stad (en distrik) van York, waar die drie Ridings bymekaarkom. Alhoewel daar  'n High Sheriff vir die land was, was die Ridings aparte administratiewe eenhede.  The whole County is divided into three parts, denominated from three several quarters of the world, West-Riding, East-Riding, and North-Riding. And this Division by Ridings,  , which consisted of several Hundreds or Wapentakes.  West-Riding. or the West-part, is for some space bounded by the river Ouse (first called Ure and Your), by Lancashire, and by the southern limits of the County, and lies towards the south and west.  East-Riding or the east-part of the County, lies towards the east, and towards the Ocean, which, together with the river Derwent, encloses it.  North-Riding or the north-part, fronts the north, and is in a manner surrounded by the rivers Tees and Derwent, and by the long course of the river Ouse.  From the Western mountains, or those that border on the west part of the County, many rivers break forth; which are, every one, at last receiv’d by the Ouse, and so in one chanel flow into the Humber.  And I do not see any better method in describing this part, than to follow the course of the Dane, Calder, Are, Wherfe, Nid, and Ouse, which issue out of these mountains, and are not only the most considerable rivers, but flow by the most considerable places.  (Camden, William:  Britannia. 845)
  

(Overtown miscellany http://overtown.org.uk/wakefield/about-wakefield.html)

Suid-Yorkshire was deel van die Wes Riding of Yorkshire.  Die Suid-Yorkshire gebied is in wapentakes verdeel. (Met 'n wapentake het die Viking krygers bymekaar gekom om kwessies te bespreek en oor hierdie kwessies te stem deur hul wapens in die lug te hou, sodat ‘n telling geneem kan word). Die herehuis van Wortley en die noordelike helfte van die huidige Suid-Yorkshire lê in die Staincross Wapentake.  Die krygers het by Staincross, net noord van Barnsley ontmoet.  Die res van die Suid-Yorkshire gebied was in die Stafford Wapentake wat by die Stafford Sands naby Mexborough ontmoet het.  (Die Stafford is 'n ford aan die Donrivier by Mexborough.)  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)



1.Ewcross
2.Staincliffe – West Division
3.Staincliffe – East Division
4.Claro – Lower Division
5.Strafforth and Tickhill – Lower Division
6.Morley
7.Skyrack – Upper Division
8.Claro – Upper Division
9.Skyrack – Lower Division
10.Barkston Ash
11.Agbrigg
12.Staincross
13.Osgoldcross
14.Strafforth and Tickhill – Upper Division  (Wikipedia)

Laat Anglo-Saksiese periode 899-1066

Die oorsprong van die lordship of manors het in die Anglo-Saksiese stelsel van manorialism ontstaan.  Die afstammelinge van die oorspronklike Saksiese of Viking hoofmanne, het omring geraak deur afhanklikes op klein stukkies grond wat aan die hoofmanne behoort het.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Lord Denning, beskryf  die  manor as volg:  The manor was the nucleus of English rural life. It was an administrative unit of an extensive area of land. The whole of it was owned originally by the lord of the manor. He lived in the big house called the manor house. Attached to it were many acres of grassland and woodlands called the park. These were the “demesne lands” which were for the personal use of the lord of the manor. Dotted all round were the enclosed homes and land occupied by the “tenants of the manor”. (In Corpus Christi College Oxford v Gloucestershire County Council (1983) QB 360)

Die Manor was ‘n selfonderhoudende eenheid.  Dit het bestaan uit die Manor house, ‘n kapel en pastorie, meul, landerye, weiding, woud en die kleinboere se hutte.  Beeste vir vleis en melk en skape vir wol is aangehou en graan en groente is verbou. 
Daar was twee groepe bywoners, die Serf  of lyfeienis en die Peasant  of kleinboer.  Die Serf  was as eiendom beskou en kon nie die manor sonder toestemming verlaat nie.

Die kleinboere was vry en kon kom en gaan soos wat hulle wou.  Hulle het baie hard gewerk en hoë belastings betaal. The peasants who worked on the manor paid the lord of the manor certain dues in return for the use of his land.  The land was split up into a large number of small strips (usually about half an acre each). Peasants also had rights to use the common land and was allowed to take wood from the forest for fuel and building purposes. A peasant's holding, which also included a house in the village, thus formed a self-sufficient unit.  All aspects of life were centered on the lord’s manor including the village, church, farm land and mill. (lordsandladies.org/manorialism)  Manorialism is die stelsel waarmee die Lord of the Manor  die slawe en huurders wat sy landgoed gewerk het, uitgebuit het.  Die stelsel van manorialism het aan die lord of the manor ekonomiese en wetlike mag oor sy huurders gegee.

Teen die einde van die Anglo-Saksiese era was die dorp Wortley as 'n Anglo-Saksiese Manor, deur woude geskei van die omliggende manors, soos Tankersley en Pilley.  Suid Yorkshire was bedek met 'n inheemse woud, maar dit was nie so dig dat skape en beeste nie daar kon wei nie.  Eilandjies, wat wissel in omtrek van 200 tot 2000 hektaar, is skoongemaak in verskeie dele van die woud, waarop ’n paar landbouers, hul families en werkers gevestig was.  Hulle het geboer onder die toesighouding van ‘n lord.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Om die verspreide Anglo-Saksiese dorpe onder 'n vorm van sentrale beheer te bring (en te belas) is 'n beampte, deur die families wat hierdie dorpe bewoon het, verkies. Hy het bekend gestaan as Bros-houer, Head-borough of Tithing-man.  Later het hierdie verkose amptenaar bekend gestaan as Constabel. Ten minste tien families was benodig om ‘n Constable te kies.   Daarom moes kleiner dorpe by mekaar aansluit om dit te doen. Tien van hierdie dorpe van tien families is dan saamgevoeg om 'n Hondred  te vorm. Oor hierdie Hondred  was daar 'n senior beampte wat ‘n Hundreder genoem was. Hy het in die Hondred Hof, geskille tussen die kleiner grondeienaars aangehoor.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Die periode tussen die ondergang van Eric Bloodaxe in 954 en die koms van die Normandiërs staan bekend as die Anglo-Skandinawiese tydperk.  Dit was in 'n tydperk van relatiewe vrede.  Eric se Veroweraar, die Engelse King Eadred het net  'n jaar later in 955 gesterf en is uiteindelik opgevolg deur Edgar. Edgar het Engeland van 959-975 regeer.  Dit was 'n tydperk waarin daar geen buitelandse aanvalle was nie en hy het hy bekend geword as ‘the Peaceable’.  (Anglo Scandinavian York. http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglo-scandinavian-york)

Groot gemeentes is gevorm in die laat Anglo-Skandinawiese tydperk, na aanleiding van die vestiging van die Christendom in die streek.  Silkstone het die moederkerk vir feitlik die hele Staincross wapentake geword. (Ashurst, Denis:  Worsbrough:  Change and Continuity in the Society, Economy and Buildings of a South Yorkshire township 1600-1851.  Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.  Sheffield.  1994. P. 32,33)  Die St. Peter’s Church Tankersley dateer uit die 10de eeu, toe die Sakson Leduin Lord of the Manor was.  Leduin, saam met Elric of Pilley en Ulsi of Wortley het ‘n gemeente gevorm en ‘n kerk gebou.  Na die Conquest is die drie manors aan Robert, Count of Mortain gegee en het dit later oorgegaan na die de Laci familie.  Die kerk het ook skakelings met Monk Bretton Priory.  (Welcome to St Peter’s Church Tankersley.  http://www.heritageinspired.org.uk/filedownload/(WEB)%20Tankersley%20St%20Peter.pdf

Met Edward die Confessor  (r.1043-1066) se opname van die individuele manors, was sekere overlords  reeds erken.  In die geval van die manors in die Suid-Yorkshire area, was hierdie heersers:   Earl Harold Godwinson, Earl Tosti Godwinson, Earl Edwin en Earl Watheof.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)  In the feudal system, the title overlord refers to a particularly powerful lord, who has power over many people and/or power over other lords.  (Wikipedia)

In die tyd van die Confessor  was die oppervlakte van landbougrond op Wortley weergegee as vyf vierkante carucates.   Wortley moes dus uit sowat 600 akker landbougrond bestaan het.  Die grootte van ‘n akker het verskil, afgehangende van hoe moeilik dit was om die grond te bewerk.  Die grootte van ‘n akker is deur die Lord of the manor  bepaal. (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

Farm-derived units of measurement:

1.The rod is a historical unit of length equal to 5½ yards. It may have originated from the typical length of a mediaeval ox-goad.
2.The furlong (meaning furrow length) was the distance a team of oxen could plough without resting. This was standardised to be exactly 40 rods.
3. An acre was the amount of land tillable by one man behind one ox in one day. Traditional acres were long and narrow due to the difficulty in turning the plough.
4. An oxgang was the amount of land tillable by one ox in a ploughing season. This could vary from village to village, but was typically around 15 acres.
5. A virgate was the amount of land tillable by two oxen in a ploughing season.
6. A carucate was the amount of land tillable by a team of eight oxen in a ploughing season. This was equal to 8 oxgangs or 4 virgates (120 acres). (Wikipedia)

Die Anglo-Saksiese era is afgesluit met die sukses van die Norman Conquest  toe die vier Anglo Saksiese grawe wat oor Suid Yorkshire geheers het, vermoor is.

Normandiese Regering.  1066 – 1499.

Die Normandiese Verowering het plaasgevind nadat Engeland in die 11de eeu deur 'n weermag soldate, gelei deur Duke William II van Frankryk (later bekend as William the Conqueror), binnegeval is. 

King Edward the Confessor het in Januarie 1066 gesterf. Toe Edward sterf was daar 'n onbehoorlike geskarrel om die troon te eis.  Daar was drie aanspraakmakers;  Harold Godwinson,  graaf van Wessex, die Viking koning, Harald III van Noorweë en William van Normandië.  In Januarie 1066 was Harold Godwinson as koning in ooreenstemming met Edward se testament, gekroon.  Regeer: Januarie 5, 1066 - Oktober 14, 1066 (9 maande, 11 dae).  
Nie William of Normandy of Harald of Norway was hieroor gelukkig nie.   Die Noorweegse koning, Harald Hardrada, wat ondersteun is deur die nuwe Koning se broer Tostig, het in September 1066 die noorde van Engeland binnegeval, maar Harold II het hom verslaan en gedood op 25 September 1066.  Binne dae daarna het William the Conqueror in die suide van Engeland geland.

Harold II het ‘n groot deel van sy weermag in die noorde agtergelaat en suid gegaan om vir William te konfronteer.  Op 14 Oktober is hulle egter by die Slag van Hastings verslaan.  Harold fought nobly, and is said to have slain many of the enemy with his own hand.  At length an arrow pierced his brain, and he fell, which threw his army into confusion.  The result was that the inhabitants of the south had no other alternative but to acknowledge the Conqueror, and act submissively.  (Jackson, Rowland:  The town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period, London 1858.)  William the Conqueror (1066-1087) het die eerste Normandiese koning van Engeland geword.

 (Foster, Joseph, Hon. M.A. Oxon:  Some feudal coats of arms, London, 1902)

The people of the north and particularly of Yorkshire, … would not bow to the tyrant.   (Jackson, Rowland:  The town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period, London 1858.)  Alhoewel William se vernaamste teenstanders uit die weg was, het hy nog steeds opstande oor die volgende paar jaar in die gesig gestaar en was sy troon nie veilig tot na 1072 nie.  Die Engels elite wat hulle teen hom verset het, se gronde is gekonfiskeer en sommige van die elite het in ballingskap gevlug.  Daar was verskeie opstande oor die volgende vyf jaar, wat William as 'n verskoning gebruik het om die grond te konfiskeer en dit as sy persoonlike eiendom te verklaar.  (William the Conqueror.  Biography http://www.biography.com/people/william-the-conqueror-9542227)

Tosti Godwinson het vroeër, in opstand teen sy broer Koning Harold, op Stamford Bridge gesterf.  Edwin en Waltheof het probeer om die nuwe regering te akkommodeer, maar het albei gou in opstand gekom.  Edwin en Waltheof is uiteindelik vermoor en hul gronde is aan Normandiërs gegee.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)  The important manor of Hallam with 16 berewicks was in the possession of Earl Waltheof at the Conquest and probably until 1076, when the earl lost his life for conspiring against the kingHis widow, Judith the countess, who was niece to William I, was permitted to retain the manor, and at the time of the Survey it was held of her by Roger de Busli, or Builli. Roger also held the manor of Ecclesfield .   In the Wapentake of Strafford, to which division the honour of Tickhill has since been added the hall was at Laughten-en-le-Morthen, and its Saxon lord was Edwin, Earl of Mercia.   (Rotherham Earl Waltheof .  http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/waltheof.htm)

William the Conqueror moes twee rebellies in die noorde afweer, eers in 1068, toe in vroeg 1069.  In die tweede rebellie van 1069 het die mense van York hul hekke vir 'n Viking weermag, om tot hulle redding te kom, oopgemaak en het hulle die Anglo Saksiese prins Edgad de Aethling as hul koning verklaar.  Full of revenge, he (William) swore … that a Northumbrian should not be left alive to stir in future insurrections.  Yorkshire was made desolate by fire and sword.  (Jackson, Rowland:  The town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period, London 1858.)  Toe die Conqueror  vir ‘n derde keer opruk na die noorde in laat 1069, het sy weermag alles in hul pad gedood en vernietig.  Hy het stelselmatig die platteland verwoes.  Daar was geen perke aan sy wreedheid, sy woede of die veroordeling van onskuldiges nie.  Almal was onderworpe aan dieselfde lot.   Met die vernietiging van gewasse, vee en plase van Yorkshire tot Durham, het die oorlewende Anglo-Saksers die dood deur middel van hongersnood in die gesig gestaar.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period)  He destroyed or seized all of the cattle, crops, farming implements and the personal property of those who opposed him for a distance of one hundred miles along the east coast and sixty miles inland. The Conqueror pursued his favourite scorched earth policy and burnt everything to the ground, the houses were reduced to ash; the cattle were seized and driven away. Agricultural implements were destroyed, as were the crops. The New Forest is a tragic example of how life changed for the average English/Saxon after the Norman Conquest and it illustrates the mentality of William the Conqueror who created the “New Forest” for his own pleasure of hunting.  He laid waste fifty-two parishes, destroyed the villages and pulled down twenty-two churches so that he could roam freely over “his” forest. If anyone was caught poaching, which they had to do to live, they were punished very harshly for example by castration, amputation, or blinding in one eye and were branded “outlaws.”  (Norman Conquest – Robin Hood outlaw.  http://www.robinhoodloxley.net/mycustompage0009.htm)  Die herehuis van Wortley het nie hierdie verwoesting ontsnap nie.  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period) 

Die grond in Wortley was in twee dele:  500 hektaar ploeglande en 1800 hektaar weiding.  In Edward the Confessor se tyd was die groter gebied se waarde veertig sjielings en die waarde van die kleiner deel, tien sjielings. (Gatty, Alfred, rev.,  D.D. vicar of Ecclesfield, and sub, dean of York:  Wortley & the Wortleys - a lecture delivered before the Sheffield literary and philosophical society also the Rotherham literary and scientific society, 1877, Sheffield).  Later het die Domes Day Survey aangedui dat die waarde van die kleiner deel agt sjielings en agt pennies was, maar dat die groter gebied aangeteken is as Wasta (van geen waarde).  (Newton, Richard: Wortley through the ages.  The History of the Long Term Development of the Landscape Surrounding Wortley Hall from the End of the Ice Age to the Modern Period.)

William het kastele en militêre vestigings oor die hele land opgerig.  Om sy nuwe koninkryk te beheer, het William groot hoeveelhede eiendomme aan Normandiese baronne as beloning vir hulle rol in die verowering van die Anglo-Saksiese koninkryk gegee.  The King granted land to his Barons in exchange for military service and the maintenance of law and order. This gave the King more opportunity to increase his revenues. (http://www.towneley.org.uk/downloads/TTv4_web.pdf)  William the First divided conquered England into 700 great baronies and bestowed them on those who had helped him, reserving to himself those lands that had belonged to his predecessors, Edward the Confessor and Harold II.  (Collins, Frances Ann:  The Parish Registers of Kirkburton, Co. York, 1541-1654.1887. P. viii)  Grawe, Baronne en ander persone het grond in ‘n transaksie bekend as enfeoffment,  in ruil vir militêre diens gekry. Die person wat feudal land direk vanaf die koning gekry het, was bekend as ‘n tenant-in-chief.  In feudal society, the king's barons held their lands `in fee' (feudum) from the king, for an oath to him of loyalty and obedience, and with the obligation to provide him with a fixed number of knights whenever these were required for military service. (The text of Magna Carta Fordham University. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.asp)  Feudalism is where lords gave land to vassals in exchange for protection and manorialism is where lords gave land to serfs in exchange for food. (Answers.com)

Die grondtoekennings aan die tenant-in-chief was persoonlik deur die Koning gemaak en kon ook deur die koning teruggetrek word.  Besides military service, feudal custom allowed the king to make certain other exactions from his barons.  In times of emergency, and on such special occasions as the marriage of his eldest daughter, he could demand from them a financial levy known as an `aid' (auxilium). When a baron died, he could demand a succession duty or `relief' (relevium) from the baron's heir. If there was no heir, or if the succession was disputed, the baron's lands could be forfeited or `escheated' to the Crown. If the heir was under age, the king could assume the guardianship of his estates, and enjoy all the profits from them-ven to the extent of despoliation-until the heir came of age. The king had the right, if he chose, to sell such a guardianship to the highest bidder, and to sell the heir himself in marriage for such price as the value of his estates would command. The widows and daughters of barons might also be sold in marriage. With their own tenants, the barons could deal similarly.  (The text of Magna Carta Fordham University. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.asp)

To be effective lordship had not only to be exercised, it had to be seen to be exercised, and few tenants-in-chief could hope to govern all their estates directly. Delegation of authority, the establishment of Norman tenants on the ground, was therefore an essential element in the imposition of Norman authority.  (Dalton, Paul:  Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154.  A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.  April 1990. P79)

Tenants-in-chiefs het van hulle gronde onderverdeel.  Heel eerste het die baronne knights voorsien, deur hulle landgoede in kleiner stukke, wat as knights fees beskryf is en waarvan die grootste en mees belangrikes as honours bekend gestaan het, op te deel en dit onder huurders wat as knights kon dien te verdeel.  (The text of Magna Carta Fordham University. http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.asp) The Barons in turn were able to grant some of this land to others who could satisfy the Barons' commitments to military service and help in administering justice through the local Hundred courts (http://www.towneley.org.uk/downloads/TTv4_web.pdf)

Robert, Count of Mortain, was die halfbroer van William the Conqueror.  Nigel, die vassal van die Earl of Mortaine, het saam met Richard de Surdeval al sy Yorkshire grond gehou.  Hierdie Nigel was Nigel Fossard genoem.  Hy was die voorvader van die Lords of Doncaster, wat al sy voorregte, tot en met die regeringstyd van koning Henry V geniet het.  The name of the Earls of Mortaine does not afterwards appear, but the descendants of Nigel are represented as holding in chief of the king, and were amongst the barons of the realm.   Besides the manor and soke of Doncaster, he had Rotherham, held of him by the family of Vesci .   Nigel het altesaam 91 Yorkshire manors gehou.  (Duchess of Cleveland:  The Battle Abbey Roll, with some account of the Norman Lineages.  In three volumes. London. 1889)

Ricardus het net so ‘n groot deel van die Morton fee gehouSommige van die manors wat hy in die suidelike deel van Yorkshire gehou het, was kort na sy dood in die hande van William de Lovetot.  Between most of those which he held in that part of the county and the house of  De Lovetot there was some connexion.  Those manors were:  Hutton-Paynel;  Bilham;  Todwick;  Houghton;  Thurnscoe;  Whiston;  hansworth;  Treeton;  Aughton;  Aston;  Wales;  Ulley;  Brampton;  Pilley;  Tankersley;  Wortley.  (Hunter, Joseph:  The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield : with Historical and Descriptive Notices of the Parishes of Ecclesfield, Hansworth, Treeton and Whiston, and of the Chapelry of Bradfield.  London.  1819. Bl. 25)  Met die Survey het Richard de Surdeval een en ‘n halwe carucates in Pilley en ‘n carucate in Wortley vanaf die Count of Mortain gehou.  (Farrer, William & Charles Travis Clay, eds.:  Early Yorkshire charters, Vol. 6, The Paynel fee.  Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1939)

Onder diegene wat die Conqueror gevolg het, was daar min wat groter guns van hulle koninklike meester geniet het, as die Laci familie, wat ook in die geplunderde eiendom gedeel het.  The plundered property must have been consider­able, as it appears from Domesday that Ilbert (probably a vassal of Odo of Bayeaux), had one hundred and sixty-four manors in the counties of York, Lincoln, and Notts. He held his lands immediately of the King, which were confirmed to him by William in the tenth year of his reign.  (Jackson, Roland:  The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858).  Die Normandiese Lord Ilbert De Laci het baie van die grond wat voor die Norman conquest  aan die Sakson Ailric behoort het, ontvang.

The Honour of Pontefract by the end of the 14th century
De Laci, wat self op Pontefract gevestig was, het as  tenant-in-chief die hele Staincross en Osgodcross Wapentakes ontvang.  Hierdie gebied van beheer is aangewys as die Honour of Pontefract.  (The Honour of Pontefract, Yorkshire.  http://www.midgleywebpages.com/honour.html). He gave the head of his fee its name from the resemblance it bore to Pontfrete, his birthplace.    (Jackson, Roland:  The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858).
Die manors van Wortley, Pilley en Tankersley wat in die Staincross Wapentake val, was onder sy besittings. Townships (villages) held in the district by Ilbert de Laci were Penistone, Thurlstone, Denby, Scissett, Skelmanthorpe, Clayton, Cawthorne, Silkstone, Chevet, Crofton, Snydale, Whitwood, Heath, Altofts, Newlands, Carlton, Methley, East Ardsley, Lofthouse, Middleton, Morley, Batley, Southowram, Elland, Greetland, Heckmondwike, Mirfield, Nether Midgley, Over Midgley, Middleton, Thornhill, Kirkheaton, Highburton (Birton), Deighton, Fixby, Bradley, Huddersfield, Almondbury, Honley and Thong.  (The Honour of Pontefract, Yorkshire.  http://www.midgleywebpages.com/honour.html)

Alle lesser lords van die herehuise in hierdie gebied was subinfeuded persone teenoor Ilbert De Laci.  Historically a lord of the manor might be a tenant-in-chief if he held a capital manor directly from the Crown; otherwise he was a mesne lord  if he did not hold directly from the Crown, yet had his own tenants.  Verdere subverdelings was moontlik tot op die vlak van lord of a single manor.  ‘n  Mesne lord  was dus ‘n lord wat verskeie manors gehad het - tussen die lord of a manor en ‘n superior lord.

‘n Nuwe orde is nou opgelê en terwyl 'n Anglo-Saxon toegelaat was om 'n herehuis wat voorheen sy eie was te behou, was hy nou ondergeskik aan 'n buitelandse hoof.  In die tyd van die Confessor het Ailrik ‘n groot gedeelte van die grond in hierdie gedeelte van die land gehou. The line of Richard Aske, Ailric Fitz Richard, Swain Fitz Ailric and Adam Fitz Swain de Bretton were English aristocracy before the Norman Conquest and were, at that time, amongst the most prominent land owners in the Yorkshire.  (The first Brettons.   http://www.bretton.org/the_first_brettons.htm)
 
The pedigree and descendants of Ailric, Swein Adam FitzSwein evidenced by St. John's Pontefract priory charters as given by Holmes in his Pontefract Chartulary. (http://www.midgleywebpages.com/aristocracy.html)

Ailrik was lord van die volgende plekke in die middle van die 11de eeu - Birchworth, Cawthorn, Clayton, Cumberworth, Hoyland, Hunshelf, Penistone, Pilley, Silkstone, Skelmanthorpe, Thurgoland, Thurlestone en Wortley.  Toe Ilbert de Laci dele van sy gronde verdeel het, was Ailric een van die aansoekers en is hy aanvaar as een van de Laci se huurders, maar hy het nie dieselfde hoeveelheid as wat hy voor die Conquest gehad het, gekry nie. It is rather singular that he should have succeeded to the property he had previously held, if we take into consideration the estimation in which the Saxons were held by the new-comers, and the treatment they received from them. Ailric cannot have been actuated by the same spirit as the majority of the Saxon chiefs, and the conferring of this favour upon him must have been in a great measure owing to his peaceful disposition.  (Jackson, Roland:  The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858)
 
The forty townships of Staincross wapentake.

Elric en Ulsi was gesamentlik die eienaars van Wortley uit die tyd van Edward the Confessor.  Elric het die groter gedeelte van Wortley, wat Tankersley insluit gehou; terwyl die kleiner gedeelte onder die beheer van die honour of Skipton geval het.  (Gatty, Alfred, rev.,  D.D. vicar of Ecclesfield, and sub, dean of York:  Wortley & the Wortleys - a lecture delivered before the Sheffield literary and philosophical society also the Rotherham literary and scientific society, Sheffield. 1877)  The earliest known possessors of Wortley were Ulsi and Elric, two Saxon chiefs, in the time of Edward the Confessor.  After the Conquest it was held of the king by Elric alone.   (Timbs, John:  Abbeys, Castles, and Ancient Halls of England and Wales.  Their legendary lore and popular history.  Vol 3.  London. P. 234; 2353 )  There were 4 additional carucates in Wortley held by Elric among the lands of the king’s thegns (warriors);  these passed to the honour of Skipton, of which they were held by the family of Fleming.  (Farrer, William & Charles Travis Clay, eds.:  Early Yorkshire charters, Vol. 6, The Paynel fee.  Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1939)

Vrye eienaars het hul gronde vanaf subinfeuded junior lords gehou.  Die kleinboere was aan die onderpunt van die Feodale stelsel en hulle moes gehoor gee aan hulle local lord aan wie hulle ‘n eed van gehoorsaamheid op die Bybel gesweer het.  Hierdie eed was dan outomaties gesien as ‘n eed aan die duke, earl of baron wat die lord se eiendom besit het.  (History learning site – The lifestyle of medieval Peasants. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_peasants.htm)   Middeleeue kleinboere moes belastings en huur betaal. Hy het huur aan sy lord betaal vir die gebruik van sy grond en hy het belasting aan die kerk betaal wat as ‘n tithe bekend gestaan het.  Dit was 'n belasting op alle plaasprodukte wat hy in daardie jaar geproduseer het. A tithe was 10% of the value of what he had farmed. This may not seem a lot but it could make or break a peasant’s family .  Die kleinboer kon in kontant of in goedere - sade, toerusting, ens. betaal.  Die tithes  was ‘n baie ongewilde belasting.  The church collected so much produce from this tax, that it had to be stored in huge tithe barns.  Kleinboere moes ook die Kerk se gronde gratis bewerk. Dit was baie lastig omdat die kleinboere hierdie tyd kon gebruik het om op hul eie grond te werk. However, the power of the church was such that no-one dared break this rule as they had been taught from a very early age that God would see their sins and punish them.  (History learning site – The lifestyle of medieval Peasants. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_peasants.htm

Die Domesday survey is op bevel van die Conqueror gemaak, en die deel met betrekking tot Yorkshire is saamgestel gedurende die 1080’s.  It was completed by the King’s justiciaries, who, upon the oaths of the sheriffs, the lords of each manor, the priests of every church, the reeves of every hundred, the bailiffs and six villeins, were to inquire into the name of the person who held each manor in the time of the Confessor, who was the present possessor, how many hides of land were in the manor, how many carucates in demesne, how many homagers, or villeins, or cottcirii, or servi, what free men, how many tenants in socage, the quantities of wood, meadow, and pasture, what mills and fish ponds, how much added or taken away, what the value in the Confessor’s time, what the present value, and how much each freeman or socman had or has. This valuable record is in the Exchequer.  (Jackson, Roland:  The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858)

Die onderdane van William the Conqueror was in ‘n magtige posisie in Yorkshire.  Die grootste meerderheid van die Anglo-Skandinawiese adel was of reeds onteien of het ‘n afname in sosiale stand gely.  Twentyfive continental magnates were in possession of over 90% of the landed area of Yorkshire.  And yet the estates described as being within their control were mostly under-developed. Much of the county was apparently characterized by low population and plough-team densities, and a large body of estates were described as waste and recorded without resources or value. (Dalton, Paul:  Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154.  A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.  April 1990. P.1.)  The majority of the estates in the Yorkshire Domesday seem to convey the fact that a waste holding had no population, no teams and no value in 1086. (Dalton, Paul:  Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154.  A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.  April 1990. P.4)

Daar is drie inskrywings vir Wortley in die Domesday record (1086).

In Wrleia, (Wortley) Elric had one manor of one carucate to be taxed, and there may be one plough.  Richard now has there one plough;  and three villanes and three bordars with two ploughs.  Wood pasture half a mile long and half broad.  The whole manor one mile long and one broad.  Value in King Edward’s time ten shillings, now eight shillings and eight pence.   (Bawdwen, William (Rev):  Dom Boc: A Translation of the Record Called Domesday, So Far as Relates to the county of York.  Doncaster 1809.  P 91)

II Manors.  In Wirtleie (Wortley) Ulsi and Ulric had four carucates of land to be taxed.  Land to two ploughs.  Elric now holds it of the King but it is waste.  Value in King Edward’s time forty shillings.  The wood pasture is one mile long, and one broad.  The whole two miles long, and two broad.  (Bawdwen, William (Rev):  Dom Boc: A Translation of the Record Called Domesday, So Far as Relates to the county of York. Doncaster 1809.  P 227)

In Wirlei (Wortley) the King, four carucates.  In Wirlei (Wortley) Earl of Moreton, one carucate.  (Bawdwen, William (Rev):  Dom Boc: A Translation of the Record Called Domesday, So Far as Relates to the county of York.  Doncaster 1809.  P 251)


Wortley;  Staincross Hundred;  West Riding area;  Yorkshire county;  Population 6 households (small), 3 villagers and 3 smallholders;  total tax assessed 5 geld units (large)

Taxable units: Taxable value 4 geld units;  Value: Value to lord in 1066  £2;  Ploughland: 2 ploughlands (land for);   Other resources: Woodland 1 * 1 leagues;  
Lords in 1066: Alric; Ulf;  Lord in 1086: Alric;  Tenant-in-chief in 1086: Alric;


The size and distribution of the estates of the milites who appear in Domesday Book tends to support a relationship between castle-guard and quotas. Illustrating that they were usually enfeoffed on small plots of lordly demesne land, or manorial outliers, of an amerage value of approximately £2 and comprising an average of only two carucate. (Dalton, Paul:  Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154.  A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.  April 1990. P. 102)

Na 1086 was daar steeds voortgegaan om die Anglo-Skandinawiërs in die honour of Lacy van hulle eiendom te ontneem en hulle sosiaal te verlaag tot onder-huurders.  Hulle grond is opgeneem in die lord  se demesne of her-toegeken aan Normandiese onderhoriges.  Within twelve years of the Domesday survey tenants whose descendants were recorded in possession of 27 1/2 of the Lacy honour's 84 1/2 knights' fees in the military returns of 1166 had been enfeoffed in Yorkshire.  (Dalton, Paul:  Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154.  A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.  April 1990.  P. 86)

Robert I de Laci, het sy pa opgevolg en sy uitgebreide eiendom vast possessions  is aan hom bekragtig confirmed  deur die koning.  (Jackson, Roland:  The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858).

William the Conqueror is deur sy seun Koning William II (r.1087-1100) opgevolg.   Sy jonger broer Koning Henry I (r.1100-1135) het hom opgevolg, nadat William II kinderloos gesterf het.  Koning Henry I se aanspraak op die troon was teengestaan deur sy broer Robert Curthose.  Koning Henry en sy broer het ooreengekom om nie die volk in ‘n burgeroorlog te dompel nie. The rival claims were compromised, and a reconciliation at once effected — Robert agreeing to waive his right to the throne on being paid annually a stipulated sum, and Henry promising to pardon all who had espoused the cause of his brother.  Net toe die land tot sy voormalige rustigheid teruggekeer het, het Henry I besluit dat dit veiligste sou wees om ontslae te raak van diegene wat deelgeneem aan sy broer Robert se aanspraak tot die troon. (Jackson, Roland:  The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858).

Onder hierdie ongelukkige individue was Robert de Pontefract, en sy seun Ilbert, wat uit die koninkryk verban is.  (Jackson, Roland:  The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858).  Die koning het, nadat hy vir Robert de Laci en sy seun verban het, die kasteel en honour of Pontefract aan Henry Traverse gegee, wat hierdie voorregte slegs vir ‘n paar dae geniet het, voordat hy deur sy diensknegte vermoor is.  Hugh de la Yal  het dit hierna in besitting geneem (1114-16).  Na ‘n paar jaar van ballingskap was Robert de Laci toegelaat om terug te keer na sy estates and honours.  (The De Laci Family Estates  http://midgleywebpages.com/delacifamily.html )  Hy het na aan die einde van koning Henry I se regeringstyd gesterf en is opgevolg deur sy seun Ilbert.

Koning Henry I was 'n groot bouer, beide van kastele en kloosters.  (Craik, George Lillie;  McFarlane, Charles;  Hamilton, Hans Claude:  The Pictorial History of England: Being a History of the People, as Well as a history of the kingdom vol. 1. London. 1838)  In the reign of Henry I, the king appears to have taken a direct interest in the promotion of a new wave of monasticism throughout England.  Between 1100 and 1135 sixty new Augustinian houses were established throughout England, many of them in Yorkshire and throughout the north. (Dalton, Paul:  Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154.  A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.  April 1990.  P. 109)  Hy was opgevolg deur sy broerskind Stephen of Blois, aangesien sy enigste seun in 1120 verdrink het.   Ilbert de Laci was getrou aan Koning Stephen (r.1136-1154)  (Jackson, Roland:  The history of the town and township of Barnsley in Yorkshire from an early period. London. 1858.By the time King Henry I died in 1135, the de Lacy family had regained their English lands and were loyal supporters of his successor, King Stephen. (http://www.towneley.org.uk/downloads/TTv4_web.pdf)

A prerequisite (voorvereisde) of the rapid rise, after 1100, of the administrative bureaucracy created from the military class by Henry I and Roger of Salisbury (Roger het England regeer terwyl Henry in Normandië was) was the creation, during the tenth and eleventh centuries, of Normandy’s ‘aristocracy’ from a group of men in ducal service (hertogtelike diens) who were often kinsmen or affines of the dukes they served.  (Keats-Rohan, K.S.B.:  Domesday People:  A prosopography of persons occurring in English documents 1066-1166 I.  Domesday book.  1999. P.75)

Die twaalfde-eeuse verandering in militêre diens, van 'n persoonlike verpligting tot ‘n geldelike betaling monetary payment was in Engeland as die territorialization process bekend.  Service became rooted in the soil, so that by c.1166 it was the 'land which owed the service rather than the knight. The problem in all this for the king was that the professional knights with their limited estates were too poor to pay. The logical thing to do was to shift the burden of obligation to the lords. (Dalton, Paul:  Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154.  A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.  April 1990.  P. 101)

Die 12de en 13de eeue was die tydperk waarin mense hulle vanne family toponymic surnames aangeneem het,  kastele gebou het, godsdienstige huise religious houses  gestig het en meer grond verlang het vir die uitvoering van hul militêre dienste;  dit alles het die status van ridders verhoog.  Soos die eeu gevorder het, het ridders van 'n progressiewe laer sosiale status begin om soortgelyke praktyke te volg.  These were the attributes of men who saw themselves principally not as tenants but as lords in their own right.  (Dalton, Paul:  Feudal Politics in Yorkshire 1066 x 1154.  A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.  April 1990. P 259-260)